<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Article Tag Suite 1.1//EN"
  "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
         xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
         article-type="Research Paper"
         xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Indian Journal of Social Enquiry</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">IJSE</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">applied</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0974-9012</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Prof Gitanjali Chawla</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">IJSE190006</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Federalism in Asia and Africa beyond India</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kumar</surname>
            <given-names>Niraj</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">Maharaja Agrasen College, University of Delhi</aff>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2026-09-02">
        <month>09</month>
        <day>02</day>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>9</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>68</fpage>
      <lpage>73</lpage>
      <abstract>
        <p>Federalism, first born in North America in pioneering presidential-federal
and parliamentary-federal forms in the USA and Canada respectively, is not
particularly popular in Asia and Africa. Only five of Asia`s 48sovereign
states have adopted some kinds of federal or quasi-federal forms of
government. In Africa it is even more unpopular. Of 54 African states, only
three can be counted as some kind of federal or hybrid federal formations. I
offer some speculative but empirically and theoretically relevant
explanations why it might be so.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group kwd-group-type="author">
        <kwd>Presidential-federal government</kwd>
        <kwd>Parliamentary-federal
government</kwd>
        <kwd>Federal structure</kwd>
        <kwd>Federal division of powers</kwd>
        <kwd>Quasi-federal</kwd>
        <kwd>federal second chamber</kwd>
        <kwd>Independent judiciary</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <!-- Full article body not available in metadata-only JATS export. See PDF/HTML galley. -->
  </body>
  <back/>
</article>
