Prof Gitanjali Chawla

The global trading system has undergone significant transformations in response to economic shocks, trade tensions, and changing patterns of international economic relations. This article examines India’s economic resilience in the context of recent global trade disruptions, with particular attention to the tariff measures imposed by the United States in 2025 and their implications for Indian industries. It traces the evolution from the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade to the establishment of the World Trade Organization and discusses the opportunities and vulnerabilities created by increasing global economic interdependence. The analysis highlights the impact of higher tariffs on Indian sectors such as gems and jewellery, leather, footwear, marine products, chemicals, and automobile components, while also noting the relative protection provided to pharmaceuticals, semiconductors, energy resources, and critical minerals. The article further evaluates the contribution of initiatives including Make in India, Skill India, Production Linked Incentive schemes, and Atmanirbhar Bharat in strengthening domestic manufacturing, employment, investment, and supply chain resilience. These measures have encouraged local production, attracted investment, supported small and medium enterprises, and reduced dependence on imported goods in selected strategic sectors. The article argues that a balanced policy approach combining economic self reliance with market diversification and international trade engagement can improve India’s capacity to withstand external economic shocks. Strengthening domestic capabilities while maintaining diversified international partnerships may therefore provide a sustainable foundation for India’s long term economic growth and global competitiveness.