India

India has witnessed multiple waves of terrorism since 1945, shaped by both internal and external factors. In recent history, Operation Sindoor, a tactful military response launched in May 2025 following the brutal terrorist attack in Pahalgam points out a figurative shift in India’s counter-terrorism policy. This paper situates the operation within broader terrorism theory, evaluates India’s evolving security strategy, and interrogates the legal, political, and ethical dimensions, multilateral approach, to understand state responses to terrorism. By analyzing the integration of indigenous defense technologies and the synergy between military action and diplomatic engagement, this study interprets Operation Sindoor not merely as a tactical event but as a symbolic and structural transformation in India’s counter-terrorism posture. It argues that India has successfully transitioned toward a “dual-track” strategy that seamlessly blends hard-power deterrence with assertive multilateralism, underpinned by an indigenous ecosystem that ensures strategic autonomy.