Rāja Dharma in Hindu and Buddhist Political Thought

This paper examines the foundational principles of governance in Hindu and Buddhist traditions, as exemplified by Rāja Dharma and the doctrine of ethical kingship, which converge on shared ideals of righteousness, compassion, and service to society. In Hindu political philosophy, Rāja Dharma delineates the sovereign’s sacred obligation to uphold justice, safeguard moral and cosmic order, and ensure the material and spiritual welfare of the populace. It envisions the ruler as both a protector and a moral exemplar, harmonising political authority with dharmic responsibility. The paper also foregrounds Buddhist political thought which conversely advances a vision of leadership grounded in selflessness, non-violence, and ethical restraint. The Dasa Rāja-Dhamma prescribes ten royal virtues that guide rulers in fostering harmony, equity, and collective well-being without succumbing to ego or tyranny. Both traditions advocate pluralism, tolerance, and the respectful coexistence of diverse religious and cultural identities. Though emerging from distinct metaphysical frameworks, Hindu and Buddhist models of governance offer a unified ethical paradigm that remains relevant for contemporary discourses on leadership and justice. These systems demonstrate that moral legitimacy, rather than coercive power, constitutes the true foundation of enduring and inclusive governance.